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12/13/09

Heat sinks




<br /> <h1><span style="color: red;">Heat sinks for transistors</span></h1><span style="color: red;">Heat sinks are needed for<br /> <a href="http://your1clickex.blogspot.com/2009/12/transistors.html">transistors</a> <br /> passing large currents.</span> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <h3>Why is a heat sink needed?</h3><table align="right" cellpadding="5" id="table1"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" valign="bottom"><br /> <img alt="Heat sink" border="0" height="95" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/photos/rapid/heatsink.jpg" width="104" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Heat sink<br /> <small>Photograph ©<br /> <a href="http://www.rapidonline.com/" target="_blank">Rapid Electronics</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table>Waste heat is produced in transistors due to the current flowing through them. <br /> If you find that a transistor is becoming too hot to touch it certainly needs a <br /> heat sink! The heat sink helps to dissipate (remove) the heat by transferring it <br /> to the surrounding air.<br /> The rate of producing waste heat is called the thermal power, P. Usually the <br /> base current I<sub>B</sub> is too small to contribute much heat, so the thermal <br /> power is determined by the collector current I<sub>C</sub> and the voltage V<sub>CE</sub> <br /> across the transistor: <br /> P = I<sub>C</sub> × V<sub>CE</sub>   (see diagram below) <br /> <br /> <br /> <img align="left" alt="Insulation kit" border="0" height="45" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/photos/rapid/insulkit.jpg" width="143" /><br /> <br /> <br /> Insulation kit<br /> <div align="justify"><img align="left" alt="Heat-conducting paste" border="0" height="75" hspace="5" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/photos/rapid/heatpast.jpg" width="266" /></div><div align="justify">The heat is not a problem if I<sub>C</sub> is small or if the <br /> transistor is used as a switch because when 'full on' V<sub>CE</sub> is almost <br /> zero. However, power transistors used in circuits such as an audio amplifier or <br /> a motor speed controller will be partly on most of the time and V<sub>CE</sub> <br /> may be about half the supply voltage. These power transistors will almost <br /> certainly need a heat sink to prevent them overheating. Power transistors <br /> usually have bolt holes for attaching heat sinks, but clip-on heat sinks are <br /> also available. Make sure you use the right type for your transistor. Many <br /> transistors have metal cases which are connected to one of their leads so it may <br /> be necessary to insulate the heat sink from the transistor. Insulating kits are <br /> available with a mica sheet and a plastic sleeve for the bolt. Heat-conducting <br /> paste can be used to improve heat flow from the transistor to the heat sink, <br /> this is especially important if an insulation kit is used. <br /> <br /> <br /> </div><h3>Heat sink ratings</h3>Heat sinks are rated by their<br /> <a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/heatsink.htm#thermalresistance"><br /> thermal resistance</a> (Rth) in °C/W. For example 2°C/W means the heat sink (and <br /> therefore the component attached to it) will be 2°C hotter than the surrounding <br /> air for every 1W of heat it is dissipating. Note that <span style="color: red;">a <b><br /> lower</b> thermal resistance means a <b>better</b> heat sink.</span><br /> <b>This is how you work out the required heat sink rating:</b><br /> <img align="left" alt="NPN transistor with load" border="0" height="181" hspace="10" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/tranload.gif" vspace="10" width="224" /><br /> <br /> <ol><li><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div align="right">Work out thermal power to be dissipated, P = I<sub>C</sub> <br /> × V<sub>CE</sub> <br /> <br /> If in doubt use the largest likely value for I<sub>C</sub> and assume that V<sub>CE</sub> <br /> is half the supply voltage. <br /> <br /> For example if a power transistor is passing 1A and connected to a 12V <br /> supply, the power P is about 1 × ½ × 12 = 6W. </div><br /> <br /> </li> <li><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div align="right">Find the maximum operating temperature (Tmax) for the <br /> transistor if you can, otherwise assume Tmax = 100°C. </div><br /> <br /> </li> <li><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div align="right">Estimate the maximum ambient (surrounding air) temperature <br /> (Tair). If the heat sink is going to be outside the case Tair = 25°C is <br /> reasonable, but inside it will be higher (perhaps 40°C) allowing for <br /> everything to warm up in operation. </div><br /> <br /> </li> <li><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div align="right">Work out the maximum thermal resistance (Rth) for the heat <br /> sink using: Rth = (Tmax - Tair) / P <br /> <br /> With the example values given above: Rth = (100-25)/6 = 12.5°C/W. </div><br /> <br /> </li> <li><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div align="right">Choose a heat sink with a thermal resistance which is <b><br /> less</b> than the value calculated above (remember lower value means better <br /> heat sinking!) for example 5°C/W would be a sensible choice to allow a <br /> safety margin. A 5°C/W heat sink dissipating 6W will have a temperature <br /> difference of 5 × 6 = 30°C so the transistor temperature will rise to <br /> 25 + 30 = 55°C (safely less than the 100°C maximum). </div><br /> <br /> </li> <li><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div align="justify">All the above assumes the transistor is at the same <br /> temperature as the heat sink. This is a reasonable assumption if they are <br /> firmly bolted or clipped together. However, you may have to put a mica sheet <br /> or similar between them to provide electrical insulation, then the <br /> transistor will be hotter than the heat sink and the calculation becomes <br /> more difficult. For typical mica sheets you should subtract 2°C/W from the <br /> thermal resistance (Rth) value calculated in step 4 above.<br /> <br /> </div><br /> <br /> </li> </ol><div align="justify"><span style="color: green;"><b>If this all seems too complex</b> you <br /> can try attaching a moderately large heat sink and hope for the best. Cautiously <br /> monitor the transistor temperature with your finger, if it becomes painfully hot <br /> switch off immediately and use a larger heat sink!</span> </div><br /> <h4>Why thermal resistance?</h4>The term '<b>thermal resistance</b>' is used because it is analagous to <br /> electrical resistance:<br /> <ul><li>The temperature difference across the heat sink (between the transistor <br /> and air) is like voltage (potential difference) across a resistor. </li> <li>The thermal power (rate of heat) flowing through the heat sink from <br /> transistor to air is like current flowing through a resistor. </li> <li>So R = V/I becomes Rth = (Tmax - Tair)/P </li> <li>Just as you need a voltage difference to make current flow, you need a <br /> temperature difference to make heat flow.<br /> </li> </ul><br /> <br /> <br /> </p><br/> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <span id='blog-pager-newer-link'> <a class='blog-pager-newer-link' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/2009/12/realys.html' id='Blog1_blog-pager-newer-link' title='Newer Post'><img src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_4HKUHirY_2U/S6m5e0cYhNI/AAAAAAAAA3k/l5NjHVnRsAs/Back.png' style='border:none;'/></a> </span> <span id='blog-pager-older-link'> <a class='blog-pager-older-link' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/2009/12/transistor-with-heat-sinks.html' id='Blog1_blog-pager-older-link' title='Older Post'><img src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_4HKUHirY_2U/S6m5fB744CI/AAAAAAAAA3s/T-lhMGLFIg4/Forward.png' style='border:none;'/></a> </span> <a class='home-link' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/'><img src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_4HKUHirY_2U/S6m5fizoW_I/AAAAAAAAA30/nA3_ynDon58/Home.png' style='border:none;'/></a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div class='post-feeds'> <div class='feed-links'> Subscribe to: <a class='feed-link' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/feeds/695285154111026597/comments/default' target='_blank' type='application/atom+xml'>Post Comments (Atom)</a> </div> </div> <span> </span> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn'>dEEp</span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <a class='timestamp-link' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/2009/12/heat-sinks.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' title='2009-12-13T18:27:00+05:30'>6:27 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post/5629619807493710609/695285154111026597' title='Email Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='http://www.blogger.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/electronics' rel='tag'>electronics</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'></div> </div> </div> <div class='comments' id='comments'> <a name='comments'></a> <h4> 0 comments: </h4> <dl class='avatar-comment-indent' id='comments-block'> </dl> <p class='comment-footer'> <div class='lbkform'> <a name='comment-form'></a> <h4 id='comment-post-message'>Post a Comment</h4> <p>YOU CAN POST A COMMENT TO THIS BLOG!!!!!!</p> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/frame/5629619807493710609?po=695285154111026597&hl=en&saa=85391&origin=http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com' id='comment-editor-src'></a> <iframe allowtransparency='true' class='blogger-iframe-colorize blogger-comment-from-post' frameborder='0' height='410' id='comment-editor' name='comment-editor' src='' width='100%'></iframe> <!--Can't find substitution for tag [post.friendConnectJs]--> <script src='https://www.blogger.com/static/v1/jsbin/1167892209-comment_from_post_iframe.js' type='text/javascript'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> BLOG_CMT_createIframe('https://www.blogger.com/rpc_relay.html', '0'); 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href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Anju%20panta'>Anju panta</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Arun%20thapa'>Arun thapa</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Aruna%20lama'>Aruna lama</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Avinash%20Ghising'>Avinash Ghising</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Balidaan'>Balidaan</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Bhaktaraj%20acharya'>Bhaktaraj acharya</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Bharat%20sitaula'>Bharat sitaula</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Cool%20Pokharel'>Cool Pokharel</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Covweb'>Covweb</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/DA%2069'>DA 69</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Daju%20bhai'>Daju bhai</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Danny%20Denzogpa'>Danny Denzogpa</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Dibya%20subba'>Dibya subba</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Dipak%20nepali'>Dipak nepali</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Gopal%20Yonjan'>Gopal Yonjan</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Instrumental%20song'>Instrumental song</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Kuseme%20rumal'>Kuseme rumal</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Migma%20sherpa'>Migma sherpa</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Movie%20songs'>Movie songs</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/NIMA%20RUMBA'>NIMA RUMBA</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Nabin%20k%20bhatrai'>Nabin k bhatrai</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Nitu%20Goswami'>Nitu Goswami</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Prakash%20Shrestha'>Prakash Shrestha</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Prasant%20Tmang'>Prasant Tmang</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Preamdhoj%20pradhan'>Preamdhoj pradhan</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Rajesh%20payal%20rai'>Rajesh payal rai</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Ram%20Laxman'>Ram Laxman</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Ram%20Thapa'>Ram Thapa</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Ramkrishna%20dhakal'>Ramkrishna dhakal</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Reshma%20Sunuwar'>Reshma Sunuwar</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Rony%20n%20friends'>Rony n friends</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Sajan%20Rai'>Sajan Rai</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Sarita%20Rai'>Sarita Rai</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Sudip%20Pokhrel'>Sudip Pokhrel</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Sugam%20pokharel'>Sugam pokharel</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/TSUJIL%20karmacharya'>TSUJIL karmacharya</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Tara%20Devi'>Tara Devi</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/The-X'>The-X</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Udit%20Narayan%20jha'>Udit Narayan jha</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/Video'>Video</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/astha%20tamang%20maskey'>astha tamang maskey</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/chino'>chino</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/dambar%20nepali'>dambar nepali</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/deepal%20thapa'>deepal thapa</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/deuta'>deuta</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/folk%20songs'>folk songs</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/gopal%20thakur'>gopal thakur</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/hari%20prasad%20rimal'>hari prasad rimal</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/holi%20songs'>holi songs</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/jabeek'>jabeek</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/karna%20dash'>karna dash</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/mangal%20Dhun'>mangal Dhun</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/manila'>manila</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/mercia%20Adhikari'>mercia Adhikari</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/namaste%20Band'>namaste Band</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/narayan%20gopal'>narayan gopal</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/naren'>naren</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/nepali%20dhun'>nepali dhun</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/nepsaidez'>nepsaidez</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/prashana%20shakya'>prashana shakya</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/raju%20lama'>raju lama</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/remix'>remix</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/sabin%20rai'>sabin rai</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/santosh%20sitaula'>santosh sitaula</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/sirish%20khadka'>sirish khadka</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/the%20unity'>the unity</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/tihar%20dhun'>tihar dhun</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/udaya%20sotang'>udaya sotang</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/yes%20kumar'>yes kumar</a> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='http://your1clicksongs.blogspot.com/search/label/yogeshwor%20amatya'>yogeshwor amatya</a> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <!-- spacer for skins that want sidebar and main to be the 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